Abstract: Physical modules are the basic functional units of industrial control systems, governed by Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) according to predefined control logic. Attackers can ...
Abstract: Brake-by-wire (BBW) technology is pivotal in chassis-by-wire systems, as it governs the safety and stability of autonomous vehicles. Currently, the most advanced BBW technology is the ...
Every electric bike has a secret hero — the controller. It’s the brain of your e-bike, managing how power flows between the battery, motor, throttle, and sensors. Without it, nothing moves. In this ...
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