While choosing an op-amp buffer, some sources of negative supply were considered, because the buffer op-amp had to provide true zero voltage on its output. In reality, a typical rail-to-rail output op ...

Multivibrator is probably the one most interesting things to start electronics explorations; it is one of the simplest circuits that does something by its own, it blinks. And a blink can be considered ...

A source of repeating contact closures in the range of 1/10 pulse per second to 10 pulses per second was required for life testing of arc suppressors for relays. It was desirable to vary the on-to-off ...

In the classic configuration and most variants of the astable 555 multivibrator circuit, the timing characteristics are based on the charging and discharging of a capacitor. However, it can be argued ...